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The Principality or Kingdom of Gwynedd (Latin: ''Venedotia'' or ''Norwallia''; Middle Welsh: ''Guynet'',〔Lewis, Timothy. ''(A glossary of mediaeval Welsh law, based upon the Black book of Chirk )''. Univ. Press (Manchester), 1913.〕) was one of several successor states to Rome which emerged in 5th-century Britain during the Coming of the Saxons. Based in northwest Wales, the rulers of Gwynedd repeatedly rose to preeminence and were acclaimed as "King of the Britons" before losing their power in civil wars or invasions. The unitary kingdom of the usurper Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was shattered by a Saxon invasion in 1063 just prior to the arrival of the Normans, but the traditional dynasty restored by Gruffudd ap Cynan slowly recovered until Llywelyn the Great of Gwynedd was able to proclaim the Principality of Wales at Aberdyfi in 1216. That realm lasted until the invasions of Edward I in 1283. Welsh tradition credited the founding of Gwynedd to the British tribe of Y Gododdin (from Old Welsh Guotodin, earlier Votadini) from Lothian invading the lands of the Brythonic Deceangli, Ordovices, and Gangani in the 5th century.〔Davies, John. ''A History of Wales''. Penguin (New York), 1994. ISBN 0-14-014581-8.〕 The sons of their leader Cunedda Wledig were said to have possessed the land between the rivers Dee and Teifi.〔Harleian MS 3859. Op. cit. Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K. "(Harleian Genealogies )". Accessed 29 Jan 2013.〕 The true borders of the realm varied over time, but Gwynedd Proper was generally thought to comprise the cantrefs of Aberffraw, Cemais, and Cantref Rhosyr on Anglesey and Arllechwedd, Arfon, Dunoding, Dyffryn Clwyd, Llŷn, Rhos, Rhufoniog, and Tegeingl on the mountainous mainland opposite. The modern preserved county of Gwynedd and principal area of Gwynedd are both somewhat smaller. ==Etymology== The name ''Gwynedd'' is believed to be an early borrowing from Irish (reflective of Irish settlement in the area in antiquity), either cognate with the Old Irish ethnic name ''Féni'', "Irish People", from Proto-Irish '' *Weidh-n-'' "Forest People"/"Wild People" (from Proto-Indo-European '' *weydh-'' "wood, wilderness"), or (alternately) Old Irish ''fían'' "war band", from Proto-Irish '' *wēnā'' (from Proto-Indo-European '' *weyH1-'' "chase, pursue, suppress").〔Hamp, Eric P., 'Goidil, Feni, Gwynedd', Proc. Harvard Celtic Colloquium 12 (1995) 43–50.〕〔Koch, John T., Celtic Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2006, p. 867.〕〔Koch, John T., The Gododdin of Aneirin, University of Wales, 1997, p. xcviii.〕〔Matasović, Ranko, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, 2009, p. 414; p. 418.〕 A gravestone from the late 5th century now in Penmachno church seems to be the earliest record of the name.〔 It is in memory of a man named Cantiorix and the Latin inscription is: "''Cantiorix hic iacit/Venedotis cives fuit/consobrinos Magli magistrati''", ("Cantiorix lies here. He was a citizen of Gwynedd and a cousin of Maglos the magistrate").〔 The references to "citizen" and "magistrate" suggest that Roman institutions may have survived in Gwynedd for a while after the legions departed.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of Gwynedd」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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